Your secure coding policy must be complete, masking all features of coding—from knowledge handling and person input validation to error handling and logging. It should also be specific to your organization’s wants and the type of software you’re growing. For instance, if you’re coping with sensitive person information, your policy might embody strict pointers on encryption and information protection.
When asking “what is safe coding?”, it’s essential to understand that it’s not merely a set of rules but a improvement mindset that prioritises safety at every stage. Developers must persistently apply secure coding principles throughout all codebases and elements. This proactive stance significantly reduces the chance of exploitable flaws.
One of the commonest vulnerabilities in web applications is enter validation. By not correctly validating user enter, hackers can inject malicious code into your software. To prevent this, always validate and sanitize user input before processing it in your PHP code. Use functions like filter_var() or htmlentities() to sanitize person input and stop SQL injection assaults. To combine secure coding into the event workflow, developers can leverage numerous tools designed to establish vulnerabilities, preserve code high quality, and implement greatest practices.
Remedial actions like code fixing could be taken collaboratively as SonarQube permits for shared views of code directly from developers’ DevOps techniques. From optimizing productivity to creating content material, the list of ChatGPT’s capabilities is expansive. However, there have been concerns around builders using it to produce code as a result of privacy issues, cybersecurity dangers, and potential impact on application safety posture. Storing passwords securely is crucial to protect person information in PHP applications. Use secure hashing algorithms like bcrypt to hash passwords before storing them in your database.
They are a fundamental a half of constructing secure and trustworthy applications. As software powers extra of our digital lives, the need for secure, compliant code has never been larger. From stopping knowledge breaches to meeting GDPR obligations, secure coding practices are now essential—not optional. Find and auto-fix essentially the most important unsafe code as a lot as 50x sooner, with pre-validated fixes from a static utility security testing tool built by and for developers.
It’s additionally necessary to understand that insider menace actors aren’t at all times malicious. Often, insider threats come from mistakes or negligent actions taken by staff. Cloud-based from day one, our scalable and modular platform is backed by years of experience and trillions of lines of code scanned. If Method.invoke was taken as the immediate caller, then the motion could be carried out with all permissions.
The authors—two battle-scarred veterans who have solved some of the industry’s toughest safety problems—provide sample code in several languages. It additionally includes enhanced protection of buffer overruns, Microsoft� .NET safety, and Microsoft ActiveX� growth, plus sensible checklists for builders, testers, and program managers. It also consists of enhanced protection of buffer overruns, Microsoft .NET security, and Microsoft ActiveX development, plus sensible checklists for developers, testers, and program managers. The authors–two battle-scarred veterans who have solved some of the industry’s hardest security problems–provide sample code in a number of languages. Keep black-hat hackers at bay with the ideas and methods inthis entertaining, eye-opening book!
Prevent code delays with repair advice and computerized fixes backed by industry-leading safety intelligence. In choose learning applications, you possibly can apply for monetary help or a scholarship if you can’t afford the enrollment charge. If fin help or scholarship is on the market on your studying program choice, you’ll discover a hyperlink to use on the description page. These bean validation annotations enable declarative validation of bean information in a simple and expressive way.
Properly manage memory in your code to prevent buffer overflows and memory leaks. Use safe memory allocation features like calloc and realloc to allocate memory dynamically and avoid widespread memory-related vulnerabilities. Static code analyzers implement coding rules, security standards, and flag security violations. Both Helix QAC and Klocwork come with code security modules to ensure secure software program. An important a part of safety software program is secure coding and using the proper software program security tool, like SAST. By keeping your Python interpreter up to date, you benefit from the most recent safety enhancements that address known vulnerabilities.
Integrate SAST instruments into your DevOps pipeline to catch security issues early in the development process. SAST tools can routinely scan code and provide builders with detailed reports on potential vulnerabilities. Use static code analysis instruments to mechanically scan your code for security vulnerabilities.
In the default case JNI code can dynamically link to different native libraries. However, there are several design choices that can affect the safety of a operating process when a native call occurs in such a chained library state of affairs. A more robust, but also extra verbose, strategy is to use a “pointer to implementation” (or “pimpl”). The core of the class is moved right into a personal class with the interface class forwarding method calls.
Integrate the following tips into your improvement workflow to construct more robust and resilient applications. Guidewire products are constructed with safety in mind from the ground up, offering a safe foundation for your implementations. By adopting safe coding practices, you add essential layers of safety to your implementations. Increasingly, enterprises are shortening software program launch cycles to edge out the competition. But as a result of this cuts some of the time that growth and safety groups spend building apps and resolving potential security dangers, rapid launch cycles usually result in the deployment of vulnerable software program. Proper error dealing with and logging are crucial parts of a safe PHP utility.
Source code is on the mercy of builders and anyone else that has entry to it. That means limiting access to your supply code and establishing safety guidelines for those with entry is important for rising safety. But once a developer starts cobbling together open source code and including their own customizations to create something proprietary, all bets are off. From that time on, it is on them to avoid adding any vulnerabilities that would lead to an information breach or hack.
You wish to assist individuals who use your software program without giving hackers help figuring out what labored and did not work. Does finding and mitigating your vulnerabilities utilizing OWASP feel overwhelming? Anytime you’re dealing with processes or systems that will affect the safety of you organization is certain to be slightly tense.
A content security coverage (CSP) is an additional safety layer that may assist mitigate cross-site scripting and different attacks. CSPs can restrict the domains content is downloaded from as properly as the protocols to use. They also can restrict inline scripts, inline occasion handler executions, and capabilities that can evaluate a string as code corresponding to eval or Function. To reduce cross-site scripting assaults, sanitize inputs in addition to making use of output encoding.
From risk modeling to safe coding and automated security tests, we’ve obtained you covered. Whether you’re just beginning out or scaling, our group ensures your code stays safe. You can focus on growing your corporation, and we’ll care for the safety. Compliance with these parts can markedly diminish the likelihood of safety flaws in web packages. The foundational rules of secure coding play a pivotal role in defending vital data.
As per Guideline 6-9, protected static fields endure from the same problems as their public equivalents. If using an interface instead of a class, the modifiers “public static last” may be omitted to improve readability, because the constants are implicitly public, static, and ultimate. The above pointers on output objects apply when handed to untrusted objects.
Classes that expose collections both via public variables or get strategies have the potential for unwanted side effects, the place calling lessons can modify contents of the gathering. Developers should consider exposing read-only copies of collections referring to security authentication or inside state. Private statics are easily exposed via public interfaces, if typically only in a restricted way (see Guidelines 6-2 and 6-6). To guarantee safe code, non-public statics must be handled as if they’re public.
German software program developer Lukas Martini finds two packages on PyPI which might be doing typosquatting. These are python3-dateutil (impersonating dateutil) and jeIlyfish (impersonating jellyfish). Package jeIlyfish downloads a file, decodes that into Python code and executes it. This code makes an attempt to read SSH and GPG keys from the computer and ship them to a particular IP tackle. Developers and architects are sometimes tired of lectures abouthow to put in writing safe code. In the interest of making certain that there will be a future for hackers,criminals, and others who wish to destroy the digital future, this papercaptures tips from the masters on tips on how to create insecure code.
It’s easy for a developer to inadvertently commit these secrets and techniques to a code repository, particularly if troubleshooting the code. If your chosen repo is public, any printed secrets and techniques can be used by anybody on the planet. I hope that this overview of Python safety best practices gave you some simple ideas for developing with Python. Python can be utilized in many alternative areas together with machine studying, synthetic intelligence, information science, and web growth. In internet growth it acts as a worthy opponent to PHP, and when used together with Django web framework, it could possibly provide quick outcomes. Whether you’re just getting started with Python or are already utilizing it for your growth, make certain you’re acquainted with the threats and how to avoid them so you build and preserve safe functions.
Newly constructed threads are executed with the entry management context that was current when the Thread object was constructed. In order to prevent bypassing this context, void run() of untrusted objects shouldn’t be executed with inappropriate privileges. Caller inputs which have been validated can sometimes be safely used with doPrivileged. Typically the inputs should be restricted to a restricted set of acceptable (usually hardcoded) values. For legacy situations the place the security manager is being used, it ought to be put in as early as potential (ideally from the command-line).
OWASP additionally encourages the adoption of parameterized queries or pre-screened statements to deflect SQL injection assaults. To nip invasive assaults in the bud, builders ought to make use of input endorsement and purification techniques. These can confirm that the enter is free of harmful code and protected to make use of. Furthermore, deploying parameterized queries or readymade statements can act as a bulwark in opposition to structured question language injection strikes. To navigate intricate knowledge constructs, programmers must depend on knowledge endorsement and sterilization ways.
As you can see, the script still checks for admin privileges, but what occurs if we don’t have it? The script only send the Location header to redirect and doesn’t exit like isAuthenticated.php (the die() function). This unsafe redirection permits PHP to parse the rest of the file and run these traces of code. As you have learn from my other posts on this weblog, I recently received the OSCP certification, and now that I’ve set my eyes on the subsequent cert – OSWE, I’m working towards code evaluation.
The distinction between this class loader comparability and a SecurityManager verify is noteworthy. A SecurityManager examine investigates all callers in the current execution chain to ensure each has been granted the requisite safety permission. Because of this subtlety, callers should make positive that they don’t inadvertently invoke Class.newInstance on behalf of untrusted code.
These rules equip builders with refined techniques for managing data securely, thereby circumventing latent cybersecurity loopholes. The OWASP Top 10 serves as a useful reference for robust coding, shedding mild on reliable data administration, enduring encryption and strict entry supervision. The definitive aspects examined through the blueprint analysis often include the propensity to injection onslaughts, unprotected information transmission strategies, and ineffectual encryption techniques. The precedence zones should conform to fortified coding precedents, best methods, and the particular security necessities of the software. Code fortification stays a paramount side of a software program’s lifecycle.
Use the teachings realized to repeatedly improve your safety practices. Define roles and responsibilities for the incident response staff, outline steps for containing and mitigating the risk, and establish communication protocols for informing stakeholders. A well-prepared incident response plan ensures a swift and effective response to security breaches.
This practice can forestall a mess of errors and safety vulnerabilities, like modifying database requests and introducing dangerous scripts from the end-user’s surroundings. By fusing protective options throughout every SMC phase, one can create an utility secured by design. This method does not only defend the app from threats, it saves priceless time and assets by preventing potential issues before they come up.
The Double and Float classes help with sanitization by providing the isNan and isInfinite methods. Unfortunately the processing of remarkable values is often not immediately noticed without introducing sanitization code. Moreover, passing an exceptional worth to an operation propagates the distinctive numeric state to the operation end result.
In today’s digital panorama, safe coding practices are important to protect your purposes from vulnerabilities, particularly when dealing with SQL databases. This guide delves into greatest practices for writing secure SQL code, geared toward reducing the risk of SQL injection assaults, minimizing information publicity, and ensuring the integrity of your database techniques. Writing safe code is crucial for shielding functions from threats and vulnerabilities.
For example, the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) requires organizations that store, course of, or transmit bank card knowledge to implement certain security measures. By following, builders might help their organizations to adjust to PCI DSS and different business laws. The guidelines in this section cover using the security manager to perform security checks, and to raise or limit permissions for code. Note that the security supervisor was deprecated in Java 17 and completely disabled in Java 243. Also, the safety supervisor doesn’t and can’t provide safety in opposition to issues similar to side-channel attacks or lower degree issues similar to Row hammer, nor can it assure full intra-process isolation.
Because of the changeable latency that exists in many web purposes, it is virtually impossible to perform a timing assault on servers running HTTP. Since the beginning of the digital age, information has become one of the most valuable sources on the planet. All applications that allow file name inputs can turn into a sufferer of this vulnerability.
IEC is a set of safety standards used to defend industrial networks towards cybersecurity threats. The set of security standards provides a radical and systematic set of cybersecurity recommendations. DISA is a fight help agency that gives IT and communication help to all institutes and people working for the DoD.
In abstract, writing safe Java code requires a combination of safe coding knowledge, use of protective libraries, enter validation, correct error dealing with, and testing tools. Adopting security finest practices whereas being vigilant towards vulnerabilities is vital. It includes carefully checking and cleaning all consumer enter to prevent vulnerabilities like SQL injection and cross-site scripting (XSS).
This ensures you aren’t sending requests to an exploited source that could send again exploited code in the Response headers or body. With this, sensitive global data from a CONFIG dictionary could be accessed through the argument. Many corporations and developers are nonetheless operating old variations of Python for their initiatives and even in manufacturing like Python 2.6 or 2.7. These are way outdated and won’t obtain any more safety updates after April 2020.
Alex is a CompTIA and Microsoft Certified Trainer and enjoys sharing his knowledge with others. He has taught at Rutgers University (NJ), Bergen Community College (NJ), County College of Morris (NJ), College of Southern Nevada, and UNLV. In this module, you will be able to explain tips on how to use techniques that mimic formal strategies to improve the robustness and security of applications.
By promoting a culture of security awareness, they may help ensure that their team’s code is safe and free from vulnerabilities. If you want to study extra about safe coding, there are numerous assets out there on-line. Websites like Codecademy and Coursera supply tutorials and programs that teach you tips on how to write safe code.
Understanding how the vulnerabilities are exploited in a common sense will arm you with the knowledge to identify the conduct in your code base. To higher perceive the impact of those exploits, there are hands-on labs included that cowl a few of the most commonly exploited vulnerabilities. Instead of cryptic warnings or rule IDs, AI can clarify what the difficulty is, why it’s an issue, and how to fix it in clear, human-readable language. To integrate, hyperlink the static analysis platform with your supply control supplier. Look for instruments that plug immediately into your IDE, code evaluations, and CI/CD pipeline. Support for contemporary architectures like microservices, APIs, and cloud-native stacks.
Analyze safety breaches or near-misses to know their root causes and implement measures to prevent related points sooner or later. Use the insights gained from retrospectives to strengthen your safety posture. Although it might seem counter intuitive to slip in some delays in the code as a result of it makes things more inefficient, there’s a good purpose for it. Attacks are often automated, which means an attack might have hundreds, 1000’s, even millions of iterations.
These updates are designed to mitigate risks and protect your purposes from potential attacks. Additionally, staying up to date permits you to leverage new features and improvements introduced in newer variations of Python. These articles present a excessive stage description of the way to safe code. The best method to sustain is to participate in the community around whatever programming language you use.
However, this collaborative method requires developers to have the required security knowledge for it – understanding threats and best practices for safe coding. Python is a strong and versatile programming language that is broadly used for numerous purposes, including web growth, data evaluation, and machine learning. However, like any other software program, Python functions are prone to security vulnerabilities. In this article, we will discussbest practices for Python securityto allow you to shield your code and knowledge from potential threats. Second, secure coding may help to protect your knowledge and the information of your customers.
The above tips will improve application safety, but they nonetheless need to be updated with best safety practices to take care of applications towards future threats. Never present full database access to the applying i.e. admin degree privileges. The application ought to all the time have the least privileged entry to the database to stop runtime failures. Doing a fast seek for a package deal on Snyk Advisor gives you a lot of info on the package deal, its help locally, its historical past of bugs and fixes, and much more. Snyk Advisor also provides the set up command at the top of the outcome page.
Containers ought to be certain that less trusted code isn’t able to replace extra trusted library code and does not have package-private entry. Both restrictions are usually enforced through the use of a separate class loader occasion, the library class loader a mother or father of the appliance class loader. When making a java.lang.mirror.Proxy instance, a category that implements java.lang.mirror.InvocationHandler is required to deal with the delegation of the strategies on the Proxy occasion. The InvocationHandler is assumed to have the permissions of the code that created the Proxy. Methods similar to these that vary their behavior according to the instant caller’s class are considered to be caller-sensitive, and should be annotated in code with the @CallerSensitive annotation 16. Due to the safety implications described here and in subsequent guidelines, making a technique caller-sensitive should be prevented each time potential.
Automated code review is a process in which a device automatically critiques the source code of an utility, utilizing a predefined set of rules to look for inferior code. Automated evaluate can find issues in supply code quicker than identifying them manually. Nowadays, managers do not care how the database is designed as long as it retains the information secure from corruption and infiltration. Identify builders with a passion for security and empower them to turn into champions within the staff. These champions can mentor their friends, reply security-related questions, and evangelize secure coding best practices. This creates a sense of ownership and accountability throughout the development team, selling a tradition of security from the ground up.
Implement robust exception dealing with to catch and log errors securely without revealing inside particulars to the user. Native functions could contain bundled JVMs and JREs for quite a lot of functions. When building native libraries, a few of the above strategies will not be enabled by default and will require an specific opt-in by the library bootstrap code. In either case it’s crucial to know and understand the safe improvement follow for a given operating system, and adapt the compile and build scripts accordingly 142223.
Many safe code coaching methods use gamification strategies, the place developers can full challenges, earn rewards, and monitor their progress in a enjoyable and fascinating way. One of the key advantages of secure code coaching systems is that they promote a proactive safety mindset among builders. Instead of counting on automated tools to catch vulnerabilities after the code is written, safe code training ensures that developers are geared up to write down safe code from the beginning. By conducting safety testing, you can determine and fix security vulnerabilities in your code earlier than they are exploited by attackers. Security testing can include static analysis, dynamic evaluation, and penetration testing. Some examples of secure coding requirements embody CERT C Coding Standard, MISRA C, and SEI CERT C. These requirements provide rules and suggestions for writing secure code in C.
Implement generic error messages for users whereas logging detailed errors securely for builders. This minimizes the danger of offering attackers with useful information about your database. In the safe code instance, the credit card quantity is encrypted earlier than being stored within the database, ensuring that delicate knowledge is protected.
When building Python project that requires sending HTTP requests, it’s all the time advisable to do it safely and know the library you are using handles safety to forestall security issues. Internal company employees develop and deploy coaching content for safe coding in in-house training applications. This could be completed by creating content material from scratch or deciding on particular modules from on-line learning platforms. Developers usually tend to retain data when it’s offered in bite-sized, targeted lessons.
Shift-left not solely improves utility safety but in addition balances speed-to-market with resilience, guaranteeing sturdy functions from the outset. One common vulnerability is buffer overflows, the place a program writes past the bounds of a buffer, probably overwriting memory and inflicting crashes and even executing malicious code. Always validate inputs and restrict buffer sizes to forestall these sorts of attacks. When writing code in C, it is important to make use of secure libraries and APIs to minimize security risks.
SQL injection is a sort of safety vulnerability that occurs when a hacker tips a program into giving them entry to info they shouldn’t see. Think of it like asking a librarian for a e-book, however instead of just asking for the e-book, you say, “Please give me all the books within the library! ” If the librarian doesn’t have a great way to check your request, they might accidentally give you everything. In SQL injection, a hacker sends a particular code that asks for everything in a database. Just as a fortress wants strong walls and gates to maintain intruders out, software wants secure code to protect it from hackers.
They can generally fail to establish hidden vulnerabilities and may also produce false positives. Furthermore, as a result of they take a look at applications of their running state, they can be slower and extra resource-intensive than static testing methods. The last stage within the safe code evaluation process is remediation and follow-up. Once the vulnerabilities have been recognized and reported, the next step is to fix them. The development staff needs to implement the really helpful remediation steps and ensure that the vulnerabilities are successfully mitigated. Secure code critiques aren’t nearly finding errors within the code, but additionally about understanding the patterns and practices that led to those errors.
Reading books about data safety will teach you some methods I didn’t talk about right here and help educate you the way to make much more safe code. The first code snippet hardcodes the database connection string in the code. This just isn’t secure, as the connection string can be easily obtained by attackers. The second code snippet gets the connection string from an surroundings variable, which is a more secure approach to retailer secrets.
In this module, you’ll describe key ideas in safe programming together with typical problems and procedures. You’ll have the flexibility to differentiate between strong programming and secure programming and you may generalize from philosophies of “what to watch out for” and “where to look” to particular conditions. BCrypt.Net’s HashPassword technique is used to hash the plaintext password “user123”, and then it is saved in the database to ensure confidentiality.
The only people who ought to have access to supply code repositories are builders and quality management employees. There’s no purpose to give entry to anybody who’s not hands-on with coding. So it’s a good idea to find methods to keep your code secure because it passes between members of the development team.
It is necessary to often replace your dependencies and libraries to make sure that your application is using the newest security patches and fixes. By staying up-to-date with the newest safety updates, developers can mitigate potential risks and shield their applications from known security threats. Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) pipelines are important for modern software program growth, but they can additionally introduce vulnerabilities if not properly secured.
Common points corresponding to SQL Injection, Information Disclosure and Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) could be averted by applying good secure coding practices. GitHub Advanced Security is a set of safety features integrated into GitHub that enhances code safety inside repositories. It consists of code scanning, secret scanning, and dependency evaluate to identify and remediate vulnerabilities. At the group stage, I promote regular code reviews that embody security considerations — not just correctness or type. On previous projects, we used dependency scanners like npm audit and Snyk to catch identified vulnerabilities early.
Symmetric encryption techniques are recognized for their effectivity, mainly as a result of they use a single encryption cipher for both cloaking and revealing the data. It draws consideration due to its swift functioning and capacity to handle immense information quantity. However, the mandatory sharing of the only real decrypting cipher amongst multiple users might set off security problems. Examining each section of a software application to validate their correct performance is the essence of part testing. This methodology aids in detecting and mitigating errors in the course of the nascent phases of software program design.
Python has a dynamic sort system, which makes it simple to crash a program (or a minimum of, increase exceptions). Changing a value from an int into a string can simply break your program and create complications once the code is deployed! Hopefully, properly testing your software program helps discover such bugs and keep away from them earlier than deploying in manufacturing. There are countless techniques that can be introduced to protect code and enterprise data. The fundamentals of secure coding must cowl mobile gadgets, servers, and embedded applications. An injection assault is when an attacker supplies untrusted enter, without validation or sanitization, to a program or application.
Integrating security practices into the development lifecycle also recognized as DevSecOps, is emphasised to ensure that security is taken into account at each stage of software program growth. This approach promotes collaboration among development, safety, and operations teams, incorporating safety checks into steady integration and deployment processes. Secure techniques must make efficient use of those mechanisms in order to achieve their desired high quality, security, and robustness goals.
A valuable contributor to open-source initiatives and a recognized professional in the field. Regularly updating your Python interpreter to the latest secure version ensures that you’ve the most recent safety patches and bug fixes. The Python group actively addresses vulnerabilities and releases updates to enhance the security and stability of the language. She has over five years of copywriting expertise and enjoys making tough topics, like cybersecurity compliance, accessible to all. Clear your system of any pointless elements and guarantee all working software program is up to date with current versions and patches.
With attackers’ capabilities frequently advancing, it is vital to embrace capable instruments to ensure the safety of your code towards vulnerabilities. A static code analyzer is a device that may establish potential security vulnerabilities within the code earlier than it is executed. Use instruments similar to Visual Studio’s Code Analysis, ReSharper, and SonarQube to detect security points in the code and fix them earlier than deployment. Libraries and frameworks can include safety vulnerabilities that might be exploited by attackers. Developers should keep their libraries and frameworks updated to the most recent model to keep away from potential security issues. Cross-site scripting, or XSS, is one other common security vulnerability.
Emphasizing security in every side of your SQL coding will result in a more resilient and strong information surroundings, safeguarding both your application and consumer knowledge. Incorporate security-focused code reviews into your growth workflow. Ensure that reviewers are skilled to determine safety vulnerabilities and finest practices.
That’s why it’s critically essential to validate all data that enters your system. Sanitation is one other step that can keep safety in examine without sacrificing usability. Instead of rejecting a user input if it’s invalid, sanitation will minimize out problematic enter parts (i.e., JavaScript inside HTML) and use the remaining information.
Security should be a top priority for PHP developers, as PHP is among the most widely-used programming languages for net growth. According to statistics from W3Techs, PHP is used by more than 78% of all web sites with a identified server-side programming language. This popularity makes PHP a common target for cyber assaults, making it essential for builders to safe their code. Restrict entry to system resources and limit privileges for sure operations to forestall unauthorized entry and potential safety breaches. Moreover, supply chain attacks, together with malicious code injection, are additionally on the rise – there was a very dramatic increase by 650% in 2021. Notable incidents like the SolarWinds provide chain assault have had a profound influence on world cybersecurity strategies.
One is that secure code schooling is not typically a requirement of computer science degrees, even whether it is strongly inspired by some colleges and universities. Another cause is that there will not be enough emphasis on secure coding practices and training inside organizations, so builders don’t prioritize safety while creating code. A third cause is the rapidly-evolving menace panorama, with vulnerabilities continuously evolving.
These details, and more, can help determine where to focus your efforts at securing your code. And don’t assume a form used solely by directors should have gentle security. Ideally, you want to safe each type, no matter who uses it, with special attention to types used by folks not affiliated together with your firm or software program. “File not found” or “Please enter a correct handle” is better than highlighting the field with the inaccurate data or doing nothing in any respect.